On this page you can find interesting topics in the field of Gynaecology.

Endometriosis

Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial tissue (glands and stroma) outside the uterus. The most frequent sites of implantation are the pelvic viscera and the peritoneum. Endometriosis varies in appearance from a few minimal lesions on otherwise intact pelvic organs to massive ovarian endometriotic cysts that distort tubo–ovarian anatomy and extensive adhesions often involving bowel, bladder, and ureter. >> more

Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology - Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

Abnormal vaginal bleeding is a presenting complaint for many gynecologic and nongynecologic conditions, and it is a common problem encountered by physicians providing health care for adolescents. Possible etiologies include (a) organic causes such as pregnancy complications, infections, trauma, cancer lesions and tumors of the genital tract, blood dyscrasias, and endocrine and systemic disorders; (b) abnormal consequences of contraceptive methods such as oral contraceptives and intrauterine devices; and (c) dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB), which refers to abnormal uterine bleeding for which no demonstrable organic cause can be found. >> more

Management of the Abnormal Pap Smear 

Cervical cancer has an incidence of about 15,700 new cases each year (representing 6% of all cancers), and 4,900 women die of the disease each year. Those at increased risk of preinvasive disease include patients with human-papilloma virus (HPV) infection, those infected with HIV, cigarette smokers, those with multiple sexual partners, and those with previous preinvasive or invasive disease. >> more

Tumor Markers and Screening - Ovarian and Fallopian Tube Cancer

One of the established strategies for combating cancer is screening the asymptomatic population for premalignant conditions and early-stage disease. These screening strategies are based on criteria laid down by the World Health Organization . Mass screening for cervical cancer fulfills most of these tenets, and organized screening programs in numerous countries have led to a significant reduction in cervical cancer mortality. >> more

What is laparoscopy movie, 2 MB download

Gynecologic Care for the Mentally Handicapped Individual

There is a great need to provide quality gynecologic care to mentally handicapped individuals. In general, these individuals now have greater life expectancy than previously. Those with mild-to-moderate retardation are being encouraged to fulfill their highest potential by living in society at large or in sheltered situations with a high degree of normalization. Severely affected individuals, who might have succumbed at a young age to the medical complications of their disorder, are living through puberty and surviving their parents. Issues of sexuality, contraception, menstrual hygiene, and premenstrual syndrome with severe behavioral disorders can become important. Management of common gynecologic disorders, such as vaginal discharge, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, and pelvic pain, becomes difficult due to limitations in communication and examination. In some institutions, multispecialty clinics have been created to serve these patients. >>more

Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy

Estrogens and progestins used for postmenopausal hormone therapy are among the most commonly prescribed medications in the U.S. Currently, 46% of women who have experienced a natural menopause and 71% of women who have had bilateral oophorectomy report having used postmenopausal hormone therapy.7 The average duration of use in the U.S. as of 1992 was 6.6 years, but only 20% of users had maintained treatment for at least 5 years. >>more

Treatment of Hirsutism

Almost all patients presenting with hirsutism represent excess androgen production in association with the steady state of persistent anovulation. Treatment is directed toward interruption of the steady state. In those patients who wish to become pregnant, ovulation can be induced as discussed in Chapter 30. In patients who do not want to become pregnant, the steady state can be interrupted by suppression of ovarian steroidogenesis by utilizing the potent inhibitory action on LH of progestational agents. >>more